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| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2017 | Volume
: 10
| Issue : 1 | Page : 41-45 |
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Evaluation of the value of hypertonic saline as adjuvant treatment of severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
Amr Sobhy1, Hany V Zaki1, Doaa M Kamal Eldin1, Walid E Mohammed2
1 Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Management, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
2 Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| Date of Web Publication | 3-Aug-2018 |
Correspondence Address:
Amr Sobhy
Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Management, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, 11566 Cairo
Egypt
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/asja.asja_3_17
Background At present, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is an uncommon and potentially life-threatening complication of ovarian stimulation. The ideal colloid solution for the treatment of patients with severe OHSS is still unknown. Human albumin, however, is considered the most ‘physiologic’ solution for this purpose and commonly used. However, severe life-threatening anaphylaxis has been reported with albumin infusion. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of hypertonic saline 3% for the treatment of severe OHSS rather than albumin.
Patients and methods Over a period of 2 years, this randomized prospective study was conducted on 60 patients diagnosed with severe or critical OHSS admitted to Obstetric ICU of Ain-Shams University Hospitals. Patients were randomly allocated into two groups, each containing 30 patients. Group A (n=30) received 100 ml of albumin 20% over 4 h every 12 h plus conventional treatment according to the Ain Shams obstetric ICU protocol. Group N (n=30) received 500 ml of hypertonic saline 3% over 24 h (20 ml/h) plus conventional treatment. The efficacy of the study medications was compared in this study between the two groups in terms of daily urine output, serum creatinitine, percentage of occurrence established renal impairment, need of paracentesis, occurrence of established acute respiratory distress syndrome, and ICU length of stay.
Results Significant difference was found regarding daily urine output among the study groups, with a significantly higher value (3350±142.6) in group N compared with group A (2150±133.4) associated with significant reduction in occurrence of established renal impairment in three cases in group A rather than 1 in group N. This is reflected by significant reduction in the length of ICU stay (3.1±1.1) in group N rather than group A (3.7±1.2).
Conclusion The use of hypertonic saline 3% as a small-volume resuscitation is comparable to and effective and superior to albumin for the treatment of severe OHSS with regard to urine output, and may have a protective effect against occurrence of acute respiratory distress syndrome in such patients, but further studies are needed to prove that.
Keywords: albumin, hypertonic saline 3%, length of stay, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, urine output
How to cite this article:
Sobhy A, Zaki HV, Kamal Eldin DM, Mohammed WE. Evaluation of the value of hypertonic saline as adjuvant treatment of severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Ain-Shams J Anaesthesiol 2017;10:41-5 |
How to cite this URL:
Sobhy A, Zaki HV, Kamal Eldin DM, Mohammed WE. Evaluation of the value of hypertonic saline as adjuvant treatment of severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Ain-Shams J Anaesthesiol [serial online] 2017 [cited 2023 Dec 5];10:41-5. Available from: http://www.asja.eg.net/text.asp?2017/10/1/41/238461 |
| Introduction | |  |
At present, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is an uncommon and potentially life-threatening complication of ovarian stimulation. OHSS is an iatrogenic complication in almost all cases, the incidence of which is increasing worldwide through an increase in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation cycles [1].
OHSS is a systemic disease resulting from vasoactive products released by hyperstimulated ovaries. The pathophysiology of OHSS is characterized by increased capillary permeability, leading to leakage of fluid from the vascular compartment, with third-space fluid accumulation and intravascular dehydration. Although decreased serum osmolality, sodium, and hemoconcentration have been described variously in established OHSS, severe manifestations include a tendency to develop thrombosis, renal and liver dysfunction, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), causing serious morbidity [2].
Currently, hypertonic fluid resuscitation seems to be an attractive choice for its theoretically physiological function. A variety of hypertonic saline solutions alone or in combination with colloids have been investigated as an alternative to both crystalloids and colloids in the resuscitation of patients in hemorrhagic shock. Animal experiments have identified several beneficial effects of hypertonic saline when compared with isotonic crystalloid solutions. In sheep, cardiac output, plasma volume, and urine output were significantly increased, whereas systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance was decreased [3].
| Aim | | |
The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of hypertonic saline 3% for the treatment of severe OHSS rather than albumin in the term of the improvement of urine output and renal function.
| Patients and methods | | |
The prospective comparative randomized study was conducted at Obstetric ICU of Ain-Shams University Hospitals during the period from October 2014 to November 2016. The study protocol was approved by ‘research and ethics committee’ of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, Ain-Shams University. Informative consent was obtained from all patients or from their legal guardians before enrolling in the study.
With respect to sample size calculation, it was calculated using PS (version 3.0.43, Department of Biostatistic, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA) with the following parameters: urine output was used as the primary goal where power of the study was 80%, SD was ±2, mean was 20, and α error was 0.05.
A total of 60 women were enrolled in the study, with a range of age between 24 and 40 years and were diagnosed as severe or critical OHHS (the diagnosis is based on clinical criteria, given a history of ovarian stimulation, either by gonadotrophins or antiestrogens, followed by the typical symptoms of abdominal distension, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting) [4]. Exclusion criteria for the study included patient refusal to consent (obsolete), preexisting neurological disease or psychic patients, history of cardiac and respiratory system failure, and coexisting renal or liver disease ([Table 1]). | Table 1 Classification of severity of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome [4]
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Patients were randomly allocated into one of the following two groups (30 patients each) using closed sealed envelope method of randomization.
Group A: albumin
This group received 100 ml of albumin 20% (imported by VACSERA; Baxter AG, Vienna, Austria) over 4 h every 12 h for 3 successive days, and conventional treatment for OHHS threatening according to the Ain Shams obstetric ICU protocol, which consisted of the following:- Rapid initial hydration by 500 ml of normal saline 0.9% and then 30 ml/kg/day, by intravenous intake.
- Heparin (5000 IU/12 h) as a prophylaxis against thromboembolism.
- Proton-pump inhibitor as antistress.
- Ultrasound-guided paracentesis for ascites if there is persistent oliguria in spite of appropriate fluid resuscitation or pulmonary compromise (hydrothorax, tachypnea, persistent low hypoxic index).
Group N: hypertonic saline
This group received 500 ml of hypertonic saline 3% (manufactured by Egypt Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., 10th of Ramadan City, Egypt) over 24 h (20 ml/h) for 3 successive days and conventional treatment for OHSS threatening according to the Ain Shams obstetric ICU protocol.
On arrival to the ICU, all patients were continuously monitored with ECG, noninvasive blood pressure, and pulse oximetry. Urinary catheter was inserted if not already present, two wide-bore cannulas (at least 18 G) were inserted, and the central line was inserted when persistent oliguria with deterioration of renal function was detected. Baseline data and investigations were obtained, which included age, weight, serum E2 level, ovarian diameter, conception at the time of admission, arterial blood gas, urine output, complete blood picture, bleeding time, clotting time, prothrombin time, international normalized ratio, liver, renal function tests, and serum electrolytes. Oliguria at the time of admission was defined as urine output (UOP) less than 0.5 ml/kg/h for more than 6 h. Low hypoxic index was considered to be less than 300.
The following data were measured and recorded over the following 5 days:- Serum estrogen (E2) level.
- Daily assessment of amount of ascetic and pleural fluid by ultrasound.
- Daily urine output (ml).
- Abdominal paracentesis (%).
- Daily serum Na.
- Daily hypoxic index.
Daily chest radiography in nonpregnant patients and on demand [persistent low hypoxic index (<300) was used to diagnose ARDS] [5]:
ICU length of stay.- Daily serum creatinine to detect renal impairment according to RIFLE criteria [6].
- Hematocrit (%).
- Daily weight.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using computer software statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS, version 17.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA). Description of quantitative (numerical) variables was performed in the form of mean±SD.
Description of qualitative (categorical) data was performed in the form of number of cases and percentage. Error bars represent 95% confidence interval. Analysis of unpaired numerical variable was performed using the unpaired Student’s t-test, whereas analysis of paired numerical variables was performed using repeated measure general linear model analysis of variance. Analysis of categorical data was performed using Fisher’s exact test or the χ2-test, whenever appropriate.
The significance level was set at P value of 0.05 or less, and P value of 0.01 or less was considered highly significant.
| Results | | |
The study groups did not differ significantly in terms of patient age or clinical presentation on admission, including ascites, pleural effusion, oliguria, mean ovarian diameter, hematocrit, levels of E2, serum Na, and fluid intake ([Table 2]).
The mean daily urine output during the first 3 days of hospitalization was higher in group N rather than group A and was highly statistically significantly (P<0.001) associated with a significant reduction in occurrence of established renal impairment in three cases in group A rather than one in group N and needed fewer abdominal paracenteses. This is reflected by significant reduction on the length of ICU stay (3.1±1.1) in the N group rather than group A (3.7±1.2). In addition, there was no significant increase in serum Na in the hypertonic saline group.
In all, nine patients presented with ARDS (four in group A, five in group N). No patient presented with thromboembolic events. Group N patients showed a decrease in the incidence of occurrence of established ARDS; however, this difference was statically insignificant.
| Discussion | | |
The ideal colloid solution for the treatment of patients with severe OHSS is still unknown, although human albumin is considered the most ‘physiologic’ solution for this purpose and is probably the most common one used. However, severe life-threatening anaphylaxis has been reported with albumin infusion [7].
In the present study, we traced the advantage of using hypertonic saline 3% infusion to improve renal function and was comparable and effective and possibly superior to human albumin for the treatment of severe OHSS.
The N group showed a statistically significant increase in urine output (3350±142.6) over 3 days in comparison with the A group (2150±133.4), denoting rapid improvement in urine associated with significant reduction in occurrence of established renal impairment in three cases in group A rather than one in group N and needed fewer abdominal paracenteses − 1 (30) in N group rather than 3 (30) in A group − denoting effective and rapid restoration of intravascular volume by using hypertonic saline rather than albumin.
This is in agreement with the observation reported by Abramov et al. [8] who conducted a controlled cohort study comparing the efficacy and safety of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and human albumin as colloid solutions for the treatment of severe OHSS on 16 patients with severe OHSS.
Their results showed that patients who received 6% hydroxyethyl starch had higher urine output, needed fewer abdominal and pleural paracenteses, and had a shorter hospital stay than those who received human albumin. In each group, no adverse effects were observed. They concluded that 6% hydroxyethyl starch may be superior to albumin as a colloid solution for the treatment of severe OHSS. However, the use of intravenous hydroxyethyl starch to increase blood volume and revive critically ill patients was found to be associated with a significant increase in the risk of death and acute kidney injury, according to a study published in the February 20 issue of Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) [9].
Huang et al. [10] reported that the use of HS in burn patients produced significant increases in renal, pulmonary, and cardiac failure compared with the use of lactated ringer.
In the present study, we notified that N group showed decreased incidence of occurrence of established ARDS rather than A group (0 and two patients, respectively); however, this difference was statistically insignificant. Petroni et al. [11] demonstrated that fluid resuscitation with hypertonic saline decreased the progression of lipopolysccharide-induced ARDS in rat models owing to inhibition of pulmonary remodeling that is observed when regular saline is used.
These results suggest that the use of hypertonic saline 3% as a small-volume resuscitation is comparable to, and effective and may be superior to, albumin for the treatment of severe OHSS with regard to urine output and renal function, length of stay in ICU, and may have a protective effect against occurrence of ARDS in such patients, but further studies are needed to prove that.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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[Table 1], [Table 2]
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